MBA Alagappa solved assignments 2022

  

Internal Assessments

                                          Organizational Behaviour

                                                               

1. What are the causes behind human behaviour?  What constitute learned characteristics of human behaviour?

Ans. The factors which are commonly designated as caus­ative of individual differences are as follows:

1. Race:

The ethnologists have explained many of the supposed differences, and have been inclined to place the various races upon a more equal footing with respect to inborn capacity. There may be some Its Half solved only

  

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2. “Group dynamics have synergy.” Explain the relevance of groups in the light of this statement? What is locus of control?

 

Ans. Group dynamics are actually a result of synergy: A dysfunctional group is in reality multiple smaller groups including siloed and alienated individuals. There are no group dynamics for these larger declared and dysfunctional entities, only for the smaller subset groups when and

 

3. What is the system resource approach on organizational effectiveness? What do you understand by sustaining culture? What are the types of communication?

 

Ans. Approaches of Organisational Effectiveness:-

 

1. Systems Resources Approach: This approach to organisational effectiveness focus on inputs — that is, on the extent to which the organisation can acquire the resources it needs. The organisation obtains inputs, participates in transformation processes, and generates outputs. This approach

 

 

4. Why changes are important for any organization? Explain the concept of Individualism- Collectivism. What is sensitivity training?

 

Ans. Organizational change refers to the actions in which a company or business alters a major component of its organization, such as its culture, the underlying technologies or infrastructure it uses to operate, or its internal processes. Organizational change management is the method of leveraging change to bring about a

 

5. What is Ethical Management? Analyse the elements of business process reengineering.

Ans.  Ethical management means creating standards and environments for employees to make the right decisions in an ethical dilemma. In addition, it recognizes the company's economic and legal responsibilities as well as fulfilling

  

 

Internal Assessments

                                        Managerial Economics

                                                             

1. Define Managerial Economics. Differentiate Risk and Uncertainty. Explain the law of Diminishing Marginal Utility. What is Demand Forecasting?

Ans.. “Managerial economics is concerned with the application of economic concepts and economic analysis to the problems of formulating rational managerial decisions.”

Managerial economics is Its Half solved only

  

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2. What is the Demand-Supply Equilibrium? Analyse the Factors Behind the Laws of Returns. How does the Market System work? Analyse the interdependence of oligo polyfirms.

 

Ans. Demand-Supply Equilibrium: Equilibrium is the state in which market supply and demand balance each other, and as a result prices become stable. Generally, an over-supply of goods or services causes prices to go down, which results in higher demand—while an under-supply or shortage causes prices to go up resulting in less demand. The balancing effect of

 

3. Elaborate Total, Average and Marginal Costs. What is the Total Contribution Margin? Discuss Profit Maximization. What do you understand by Investment Analysis?

Ans. Total Cost (TC) describes the total economic cost of production. It is composed of variable, and fixed, and opportunity costs.

Fixed costs

·         The accounting costs which do not change based on your level of output

·                  Always determined to be fixed in the short term; if you could not change it on short notice it is

 

4. What do you understand by Economic Growth? What do you understand by Gross Domestic Product?  Differentiate Aggregate Supply and Aggregate Demand.  Discuss in detail the different elements of Paradigm.

Ans. Economic Growth: In simplest terms, economic growth refers to an increase in aggregate production in an economy. Often, but not necessarily, aggregate gains in production correlate with increased average marginal productivity. That leads to an increase in incomes, inspiring consumers to

 

5. Enlist the factors due to which humans tend to adopt Economizing Behaviour

Ans. The factors due to which humans tend to adopt Economizing Behaviour:

Farmer decision-making and behavioural factors

·         Farmers’ adoption of sustainable practices: Farmers’ decisions to adopt more sustainable practices, such as organic farming, restoring hedgerows or growing cover crops, have their peculiarities. Originally, behavioural insights, particularly 

·                                                   Internal Assignment

                               Management Principles and Practices

 

1. Explain in details the functions of Management.

Ans. Management is essential for an organized life and necessary to run all types of organizations. Managing life means getting things done to achieve life’s objectives and managing an organization means getting things done with and through other people to achieve its objectives.

 “Management is a set of principles relating to the functions of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling, and the applications of these principles in harnessing physical, financial, human, and informational resources Its Half solved only

  

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2. Explain in detail organizing functions of management. What are the factors that determine a good organizational structure?

Ans. According to Chester Barnard, “Organizing is a function by which the concern is able to define the role positions, the jobs related and the co-ordination between authority and responsibility. Hence, a manager always has to organize in order to get results.

Organizing is the function of management which follows planning. It is a function in which the synchronization and combination of human, physical and financial resources takes place. All the three resources are important to get

 

3. What are the different steps in rational decision making process?

Ans. The Rational Decision-Making Process:-

The more carefully and strictly these steps are followed, the more rational the process is. We’ll look at each step in closer detail. The rational decision-making process involves careful, methodical steps:

 

Step 1: Research and brainstorm possible solutions for your problem.

Expanding your pool of potential solutions boosts your chances of solving your problem. To find as many potential solutions as possible, you should gather plenty of information about your problem from your

 

4. Explain the term leadership. What are the different leadership styles?

Ans. A leader inspires others to act while simultaneously directing the way that they act. They must be personable enough for others to follow their orders, and they must have the critical thinking skills to know the best way to use the resources at an organization's disposal.

Leadership captures the essentials of being able and prepared to inspire others. Effective leadership is based upon ideas—both original and borrowed—that are effectively communicated to others in a way that engages them

 

 

5. What is Ethical Management? Analyze the elements of business process reengineering.

Ans. Ethical management means creating standards and environments for employees to make the right decisions in an ethical dilemma. In addition, it recognizes the company's economic and legal responsibilities as well as fulfilling the expected ethical responsibility as the basic duty of the company and means the management which complies with the ethical management as the principle of conduct with leading attitude.

 

Ethical Management is a set of

  

                                            Internal Assessments

 

                               Financial and Accounting Management

 

1. Briefly describe the concept of Accounting & Statistics. Describe the systems of book keeping and accounting. Write a note on objectives of final accounts. Write a brief note on steps for preparing Statement of Affairs.

 

Ans. Accounting concepts are the basic rules, assumptions, and conditions that define the parameters and constraints within which the accounting operates. In other words, accounting concepts are the generally accepted accounting principles, which form the fundamental basis of preparation of universal form of financial statements consistently.

In simple words, accounting can be defined as keeping records of all financial transactions related to an individual or an entity. And then there are pre-defined rules and procedures in the way a transaction should be Its Half solved only

  

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2. Write a note on Income Statement. Write a note on Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis. Elaborate the Du-Pont Model. Discuss briefly uses of fund flow statements.

Ans: Income Statement : An income statement is a financial statement that shows you the company’s income and expenditures. It also shows whether a company is making profit or loss for a given period. The income statement, along with balance sheet and cash flow statement, helps you understand the financial health of your business.

The income statement is also known as a profit and loss statement, statement of operation, statement of financial result or income, 

 

3. Write a brief note on Utility of Cash Flow Analysis. What are the components of total cost? What are the types of cost sheet? Write a note on Base Stock Method.

Ans. Cash Flow Analysis: There are three cash flow types that companies should track and analyze to determine the liquidity and solvency of the business: cash flow from operating activities, cash flow from investing activities and cash flow from financing activities. All three are included on a company’s cash flow statement.

In conducting a cash flow analysis, businesses correlate line items in those three cash flow categories to see where money is coming

 

4. Discuss the term Marginal Costing. Write a note on Profit Planning. Write a short note on Production Budget. Write a note on Discounted Cash Flow Method.

Ans. Marginal Costing:

The marginal cost of production is an economics and managerial accounting concept most often used among manufacturers as a means of isolating an optimum production level. Manufacturers often examine the cost of adding one more unit to their production schedules.

At a certain level of production, the benefit of producing one additional unit and generating revenue from that item will bring the

5. Explain the concept of Single Entry System. What are the salient features of Single Entry System?

Ans. Single Entry System: A single entry system of bookkeeping is where the transactions of the business affect only one account, i.e. only one account’s value will decrease or increase based on the transaction amount. Under this system, a cash book is prepared that shows the payment and receipts of the cash transactions.

Under the single entry system of bookkeeping, the cash book and personal accounts of creditors and debtors are maintained, and no other

 

                                                           Internal Assignment

                                                        Quantitative Techniques

 

1. What are quantitative techniques? What is differentiation? Explain Constant Functions, Polynomial Functions & Relation Functions? What are the applications of linear programming in Industries?

Ans. Quantitative Techniques: Decision Science is the application that uses scientific approach and solves the management problems. It also helps managers to make best decisions.

Decision science includes a large number of mathematically oriented techniques. These techniques can be Its Half solved only

  

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2. What are the methods of finding coefficient of correlation? Explain the travelling salesman problem. Explain the concept of A- priori Probability. Explain the Poisson Process.

Ans Methods of finding coefficient of correlation: If you want to measure the strength of a relationship between two variables, you can do so by using an advanced or online calculator. You can also put your mathematical skills to use and calculate it by hand. When calculating a correlation

 

3. What is heuristic programming? What is an optimum path? What is Monte Carlo simulation? State three areas of application of Monte Carlo simulation.

Ans. Heuristic Programming: Heuristic Programming refers to the process by which computers approach human learning by simulation, resimulation of data, and probability estimation. In other words, it attempts to

 

4. What are the different queuing models? What is Minimax Criterion? What is opportunity loss? What is a deterministic model?

Ans. NTRODUCTION: A queuing system consists of one or more servers that provide service of some sort to arriving customers. Customers who arrive to find all servers busy generally join one or more queues (lines) in front of the servers, hence the name queuing systems. There are several everyday examples that can be described as queuing systems, such as bank-teller service, computer systems, manufacturing systems, maintenance systems, communications systems and so on. Components of a Queuing

5. Explain Cob Douglas Production Function?

Ans. A Cobb-Douglas production function models the relationship between production output and production inputs (factors). It is used to calculate ratios of inputs to one another for efficient production and to estimate

 

assignment help 2022

Communication Skill- 1st

 

 

Q1. What is subject line and its importance?

Ans 1.

Introduction

Subject lines can make a big impact First impressions are crucial and subject Line is the primary and most important element in an email. It's the element upon which the recipient can choose whether or not to read the email or not. (Until the recipient is anticipating a response from you. If it's a personal email sent to a friend or family member, then the the subject line may not be so important Its Half solved only

  

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2. What do you understand by physical barriers?

Ans 2.

Introduction

A physical communication barrier may be characterised as an aspect or physical feature that serves as a distraction, impeding the flow of conversation. A physical barrier, whether natural or man-made, is easily identifiable. Physical impediments to hearing include noise, poor design, and locked doors. Even a network disruption caused by a thunderstorm might be considered a

Q3. What are the demerits of oral communication?

Ans 3.

Introduction

The oral method of communications is the transmission of information from the sender to the receiver using visual and verbal aids. Examples of oral communications include speeches, presentations discussions

Q4. Mention some tips of dialogue writing.

Ans 4.

Introduction:

In fiction writing, effective dialogue serves a variety of purposes. It sets the voices of your characters, their speech patterns, reveals their inner feelings, and demonstrates their character development. Beyond character development, excellent conversation may also define the place and historical period of your novel and communicate information in a non-expository manner.
Authors utilise conversation to convey the nature of a character and to communicate their point of view. For example, the classic football coach may talk in short, terse phrases punctuated with exclamation marks and references from legendary military generals. In comparison, a nebbish lover suffering from a

5. How will you divide your paragraphs in any kind of writing?

Ans 5.

Introduction:

Separate paragraphs may be used to contrast opposing positions in a discussion, several points in an argument, or any other distinction. When your readers need a break. Breaks between paragraphs serve as a little "break" for your readers; including them will improve the readability of your work. Paragraphs organise thoughts into digestible, logical parts. A single paragraph concentrates on a single

 Communications Skills II

 

 

Q1. What are the principles of effective communication?

Ans.

Introduction:

Everything you need to know about the principles of effective communication. The effectiveness of a system is measured in terms of its objective achievement. Therefore, the effective communication system is one which achieved its objectives. Communication is effective where there are no Its Half solved only

  

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Q2. What is the importance of facial expressions in speech?

Ans 2.

Introduction:

Facial expressions are often the primary predictor of the message's meaning. During a presentation, the audience is focused on the speaker's face. When you talk, your face communicates your attitudes, sentiments, and emotions more clearly than any other part of your body.
Humans utilise facial

 

Q3. Write an essay on ‘Use of information technology in education’ in 200 words.

Ans 3.

Introduction

For a long period of time, we have criticised our educational system for its lack of effective learning methodologies and skill-based learning. Technology-enhanced education seems to be a first step toward transforming education for the better. When combined with the proper motivation and vision,

Q4. What information you will consider first for drafting a CV?

Ans 4.

Introduction

A curriculum vitae, also abbreviated as CV, is a Latin phrase that translates as "life path." A curriculum vitae (CV) is a comprehensive professional document that summarises a person's experience and achievements. Employers often want a curriculum vitae while reviewing applicants. This document summarises your professional background, education, pertinent awards and

 

5. What is the importance of eye contact in non-verbal communication?

Ans 5.

Introduction

Due to the fact that the visual sense is dominant in the majority of individuals, eye contact is a particularly essential kind of nonverbal communication. Eye contact is also critical for sustaining the conversation's flow and

 English Paper-1st

 

 

 

Q1. What is the most remarkable fact about water?

 

Ans 1.

Introduction:

Water has a greater capacity for dissolving things than any other liquid, even sulfuric acid. The freezing point of water decreases as the concentration of salt in it rises. Seawater freezes at -2 °C (28.4 °F) when it has an average amount of salt. It takes around 6,800 gallons of water to cultivate a day's worth of Its Half solved only

  

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Q2. Explain the occupation of Haria and Norway.

 

Ans 2.

Introduction

A Deed of Bravery, a short tale by Jim Corbett, is about heroic acts of survival against all obstacles. The story's two heroes – Haria and Narwa – must contend with an environment that seems to be rife with peril. To obtain bamboo for basket manufacturing, people must go large distances on foot through forest areas frequented by tigers. Narwa is attacked by a tiger on one of these journeys, and Haria rescues him with incredible valour. Following that is Narwa's battle against the odds to survive the tiger assault. Jim Corbett considered this narrative to be an act of

 

 

Q3. What are the factors of that led the destruction of letter writing?

 

Ans 3.

Introduction:-

A.    G. Gardiner writes under the pen name Alpha of the Plough. We shall refer to him as A. G. Gardiner throughout this section. A.G. Gardiner's article 'On Letter Literature' is a fascinating and entertaining piece of writing that discusses the lost art of letter writing and the need of understanding its relevance. In other words, Gardiner demonstrates how letter writing was once a

B.      

4. What is the analogy of food which points out we have become one larger unit?

 

Ans 4.

Introduction:

The essay 'Our Civilization' by C. E. M. Joad is taken from his book The Story of Civilization. It discusses the good and bad features of contemporary civilisation, with the author doing an evaluation of the modern civilization and attempting to discuss the pitfalls that our civilization might avoid in order to achieve its pinnacle. In other words, the author is attempting to conduct a study of contemporary

 

Q5. What is the difference between perfect tense and perfect continuous tense? Give examples

 

Ans 5.

What is the difference between the present perfect and present perfect continuous tenses in the present perfect? The present perfect continuous tense is used to refer to an ongoing activity or situation that is not

 Internal Assignment

Part- II English Paper 1^st

 

 

Q1. What is equally important for the life and growth of plant and trees and why?

Ans.

Introduction:

Plants/trees are critical to human existence. They provide us with food, fodder, fuel, lumber, fibre, and medicines. Plants/trees contribute to the reduction of environmental pollutants. Trees contribute to the preservation of the ground water table. Plants/trees are critical to human existence. They Its Half solved only

  

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Q2. What Louisa Mebbin demanded from Mrs Packletide and why?

 

Ans.

Introduction

Mrs. Packletide's long-time hired companion, Louisa Mebbin, travels to India with her. Unlike the imprudent socialites Mrs. Packletide and Loona Bimberton, Mebbin is a logical and frugal woman whose middle-class upbringing taught her to save money in all aspects of life. She is continually attempting to rein in Mrs. Packletide's wasteful spending, particularly if she can recoup some of the funds for herself. Louisa Mebbin is introduced as an enemy in "Mrs. Packletide's Tiger

 

Q3. Explain the incident which happened with Haria and Norwa in the forest?

Ans.

Introduction:

A Deed of Bravery, a short storey by Jim Corbett, is about heroic acts of survival against all odds. The story's two heroes – Haria and Narwa – must contend with an environment that seems to be rife with peril. To obtain bamboo for basket manufacturing, people must go large distances on foot through forest areas frequented by tigers. Narwa is attacked by a tiger on one of these journeys, and Haria rescues

 

Q4. Summarize the essay 0n letter writing in your own words.

Ans.

Introduction

This is the essay's introduction. This is the part in which the author introduces his topic. You might begin the opening paragraph by providing a brief outline of your article. In this case, some ability in paragraph writing

Q5. Write an article on social networking sites and its effects on human relations in 150 words.

Ans.

Social network sites are web-based services that enable people to create a public or semi-public profile inside a constrained system, build a list of other users with whom they have a connection, and read and traverse their list of connections and those produced by others.
Adolescents are a significant demographic for social networking sites usage.
With the emergence and widespread

 Internal Assignment- 1^st

Financial Accounting

 

 

 

 

Q1. What is the current status of IAS/IFRS and interpretations?

 

Ans.

Introduction:-

IAS = International Accounting Standards: The International Accounting Standards Committee produced the IAS (IASC). They were introduced in 1973 but have since been superseded by IFRS.
IFRS is an acronym for Its Half solved only

  

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Q2. What are the different categories of personal accounts?

Ans.

Personal Account

These account kinds are associated with individuals. These individuals may be genuine humans, such as Raj, Rajesh, Ramesh, or Suresh. These individuals may also be artificial entities such as partnership businesses, corporations, bodies corporate, or associations of individuals.

For example – Rajesh and Suresh trading Co., Charitable trusts, XYZ Bank Ltd, C company Ltd, etc.

There can be

 

 

Q3. How are the receipts and payments accounts prepared from income and expenditure account and balance sheet?

Ans.

A non-trading firm's function is to offer services to its members. However, in order to do so, it must generate money and spend expenses. When a non-profit organisation does so, it must establish an income and expense account that will enable it to determine the surplus generated or deficit experienced over a given time. Allow us to have a better understanding of the revenue and expense account provided by a non-profit organisation

 

Q4. Why assets and liabilities are revalued on admission of a partner? Give imaginary entries covering such revaluation.

Ans.

It is required to revalue a firm's assets and liabilities upon admission of a partner to ensure that the new partner does not gain or lose value as a result of changes in the market value of the firm's assets and liabilities.
When a new partner enters the business, it is critical to conduct a revaluation of the firm's assets and liabilities to determine their actual and fair valuations. This is because the value of assets and liabilities may have grown or reduced, implying

 

 

Q5. What happens in case of forfeited shares originally issued at discount?

Ans.

When forfeited shares are reissued at a discount, the bank account is debited and the share capital account is credited with the paid-up value. The discount amount is deducted from the Share Forfeited Account.
Shares are forfeited when just a portion of the outstanding balance on such shares is received. When a membership is forfeited, the initial allowed membership

 

 Internal Assignment

Financial Accounting

 

 

Q1. Explain accounting system and process.

Ans.

An accounting system is a collection of interconnected accounting processes, procedures, and controls. Accounting systems are designed to capture company transactions, aggregate them, and provide reports that may be utilised by decision makers to monitor, evaluate, and improve operations.
While an accounting system may be totally paper-based, this is a rare occurrence in small organisation

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Q2. Describe the method of releasing one accounting norm.

Ans:

Accounting Standard Board

ICAI is the most prestigious accounting body in the nation. The ASB is an affiliate that is part of ICAI. However, to ensure the highest level of transparency and integrity the ASB is a totally independent organization.

The ASB is the body that develops all standard accounting practices that apply to Indian businesses. The process is

 

 

Q3. What is the process for preparing balance sheets is done using accounts for receipts and payment and accounts for expenditure and income?

Ans.

The balance sheet for a nonprofit company is easy to create using receipts and accounts for payment since the majority of transactions of non-profit organizations take place in cash. If there is a balance sheet as well as current year receipts and accounts for payment it is easy to make a balance sheets.

1st Step:

 

Q4. Write a short note about issues with shares that are at discount and premium

Ans.

The issue of shares with premium

If the shares are sold at a cost higher than their nominal price it is referred to as shares that are issued at the cost of a premium. The amount of the premium is set by the board of directors based on the guidelines published by SEBI. Be aware that Securities Premium represents a profit for the company, however the amount is not considered a revenue-generating profit and is regarded as capital profit , which is only used to fulfill

 

 

 

Q5. Discuss the asset classification process and provide for.

Ans..

CLASSIFICATION OF ASSETS

"Irrecoverable assets" refers to assets that are that are classified as loss.

"Assets that are not recoverable" refers to

(a) Assets that are classified as being Doubtful

(b) Assets that

 Internal Assignment

Principal of Economics

 

 

 

Q1. Describe the Positive and Normative character of Economic Science.

Ans.

Positive economics and normative economics are two of the main fields of economics in the modern. Positive economics explains and describes different economic phenomena, and normative economics concentrates on the significance of fairness in economics or what the economic model Its Half solved only

  

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Q2. Please explain the reason why an alternative cost is also known as opportunity cost too.

Ans.

Opportunities costs are the potential benefits that an individual, an investor or business is not aware in choosing one option over the other. Since opportunity costs are in essence, unnoticed and therefore, often missed. Knowing the possible opportunities missed in the event that a person or business decides to invest in one or the other can help make better decisions.

Formula

 

Q3. Describe “Effective Demand” with the help of an example.

Ans.

When demand is converted to the actual purchase, it's classified as a successful demand. I'm in need of an automobile. There's a demand. However, if my money does not allow me to purchase the car I want, (means I don't have the purchasing power)it isn't an effective demand. When I do

 

Q4. Determine the difference between an Optimum Firm and a Representative Firm.

Ans.

Optimum Firm:

The concept of the optimal firm was formulated by E.A.G. Robinson. "Optimal" firm" are referring to a business operating at the scale at that point in the current conditions of methods and organising capacity, it has the lowest costs of manufacturing per unit considering that all

 

Q5. Differentiate between Perfect Competition and Pure Competition.

Ans.

Perfect competition is a where a significant amount of sellers and buyers are found in the same product. One buyer or seller cannot be capable of altering the current price, and in a highly competitive market one price will prevail for the product. According to left who "perfect competition" is a market that has many companies selling similar products, but the same size and scale to the whole market that it canInternal Assignment

Principles of Economics

 

 

Q1. What is Economics? Explain the different theories put forwards by different Economists.

Ans.

Economics is a field of social science that studies the distribution, production and consumption of services and goods. It examines the way that individuals, companies as well as governments and nations make decisions about the best way to distribute resources. It focuses on the decisions of humans with the assumption that human

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Q2. Explain the function of Economics to achieve the common goals of business undertakings.

Ans.

Business objectives are a target, i.e. where the company intends to go in the near future. For instance, a business would like to establish a franchise in a different state over the next three years or wants to

 

 

Q3. Discuss Consumer's Equilibrium keeping in view the One - Commodity Model and Multi Commodity Mode.

Ans.

The term "equilibrium" is commonly used in the field of economic analysis. Equilibrium is a state that is at equilibrium or no change. It is a state of relaxation, that offers the most benefit or benefit in the context of a specific scenario. A consumer is considered to be at equilibrium when he is not planning to alter his levels that he consumes, i.e. it is when the consumer is satisfied to the

Q4. Define Short-run Production Function and Long-run production functions with the aid of examples.

Ans.

The firm is allowed to change only the quantity of variable inputs during the short-term, provided that the amounts of fixed inputs are the same.

This means that in the short term the output amount is able to be increased (or reduced) through the

 

 

Q5. Explain the process of equilibrium within the field.

Ans.

Sellers and buyers react to price fluctuations. When prices are higher consumers cut their consumption. When price levels are lower, sellers reduce production. In the ideal market that is, the demand for an item is equal to the supply of the item while the price stays the same. This is called market equilibrium. This is why at this point there is no inventory remaining, i.e. everything

analysis. 

                                                  Internal Assignment 1^st

                                           Data & Analysis of Algorithm

 

1(b). Explain Travelling sales person problem LCBB procedure with the following instance and draw the portion of the state space tree and find an optimal tour.

Ans.. The traveling salesman problem consists of a salesman and a set of cities. The salesman has to visit each one of the cities starting from a certain one (e.g. the hometown) and returning to the same city. The challenge of the problem is that the traveling salesman wants to minimize the total length of the trip.

The traveling salesman problem can be described as follows:

TSP = {(G, f, t): G = (V, E) a complete graph,

f is a function V×V Z, →

t ∈ Z,

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1(c). Discuss the time and space complexity of Dynamic Programming travelling salesperson algorithm.

Ans.. Traveling salesman problem is a NP-hard problem. Until now, researchers have not found a polynomial time algorithm for traveling salesman problem. Among the existing algorithms, dynamic programming algorithm can solve the problem in time O(n^2*2^n) where n is the number of nodes in the graph. The branch-and-cut algorithm has been applied to solve the problem with a large

2(a). Optimal Solution.

Ans.. An optimal solution is a feasible solution where the objective function reaches its maximum (

2(b). Distinguish between Algorithm and Pseudocode.

Ans.  1. An algorithm is a step by step procedure to solve a given problem while a pseudocode is a method of writing an algorithm.

2. An

2(c). What is the time complexity of the Job sequencing with deadlines using greedy algorithm?

Ans. Job sequencing is the set of jobs, associated with the job i where deadline di >= 0 and profit pi > 0. For any job i the profit is earned if and only if the job is completed by its deadline. To complete a job,

 

2(d). Describe Different characteristics of an algorithm.

Ans. Characteristics of an Algorithm

·         Unambiguous − Algorithm should be clear and unambiguous. ...

·         Input − An algorithm should have 0 or more well-defined inputs.

·         Output

 

2(e). Dynamic Programming and Greedy method.

Ans. A Greedy method is an algorithmic paradigm that builds up a solution piece by piece, always choosing the next piece that offers the most obvious and immediate benefit. So the problems where

 

                                                  Internal Assignment 2^nd

                                             Data & Analysis of Algorithm

 

1(b). What are the advantages and disadvantages of Divide-And-Conquer? Write Divide-And-Conquer recursive Quick sort algorithm and analyze the algorithm for average time complexity.

Ans. Both merge sort and quicksort employ a common algorithmic paradigm based on recursion. This paradigm, divide-and-conquer, breaks a problem into subproblems that are similar to the original problem, recursively solves the subproblems, and finally combines the solutions to the

 

1(c). Give the algorithm for matrix multiplication and find the time complexity of the algorithm using step-count method?

Ans. The matrix multiplication algorithm with best asymptotic complexity runs in O(n^2.3728596) time, given by Josh Alman and Virginia Vassilevska Williams, however this algorithm is a galactic algorithm because

 

    Part 2^nd 

2(a). Define Omega notation.

Ans. Omega Notation, Ω

The notation

2(b). What are Hamiltonian circuit explain with an example?

Ans. A Hamiltonian circuit is a circuit that visits every vertex once with no repeats. Being a circuit, it must start and end at the

 

2(c). Write control abstraction of divide-and-conquer.

Ans. A control abstraction is a procedure whose flow of control is clear but whose primary operations

2(d). Distinguish between fixed-tuple sized and variable tuple sized state space tree organization.

Ans.  Fixed tuple size formulation. ∗ Edges labeled such that an edge from a level i node to a level i + 1 node

2(e). List the applications of Backtracking.

Ans.  Application of Backtracking: 

·         To Find All Hamiltonian Paths Present in a Graph. A Hamiltonian path, also known as a Hamilton path, is a