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Bca4010
winter 2016
Sem 4th
Q1. What is
OSI model? Explain all its layers with diagram.
Answer: Before 1990’s data communication model had
been used, in 1990’s open system Interconnection (OSI) was used. Later TCP/ Ip
protocol suit has been developed such that it was easy to use and efficient to
other. Established in 1947, the International Standards Organization (ISO) is a
multinational body dedicated to worldwide agreement on International standards.
An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network communications is the OSI
model, which was first introduced in 1970s. Open System: A set of protocols
that allows any two different systems to communicate regardless of their
underlying
2 What is
Message and Packet switching?
Answer: Message
switching
Message switching was the precursor of packet
switching, where messages were routed in their entirety and one hop at a time.
It was first introduced by Leonard Kleinrock in 1961. Message switching systems
are nowadays mostly implemented over packet-switched or circuit-switched data
networks.
Hop-by-hop Telex forwarding are examples of
message switching systems. E-mail is another example of a message
3 List the
design issues related to Data Link Layer.
Answer: To accomplish the above goals, the data
link layer takes the packets from the network layer and encapsulates bit stream
into units called frames for transmission. Note that frames are nothing more
than “packets'' or
4 Briefly
explain Point-to-Point Protocol.
Answer: Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a
network-specific standard protocol with STD number 51. Its status is elective,
and it is described in RFC 1661 and RFC 1662. The standards defined in these
RFCs were later extended to
5 Briefly
explain five parts of Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions.
Answer: MIME can be described in five parts:
Ø
Protocols
for including objects other than US ASCII text mail messages within the bodies
of messages conforming to RFC 2822. These are described in RFC 2045.
Ø
General
structure of
6
Distinguish between IPV4 and IPV6 addressing schemes
Answer: IPV4
Addressing
An IP address is an identifier that is
assigned at the Internet layer to an interface or a set of interfaces. Each IP
address can identify the source or destination of IP packets. For IPV4, every
node on a network has one or more interfaces, and you can enable TCP/IP on each
of those interfaces. When you enable TCP/IP on an interface, you assign it one
or more logical IPV4 addresses, either automatically or
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